Graphical user interface for parsing events using a designated field delimiter

ABSTRACT

A graphical user interface allows a customer to specify delimiters and/or patterns that occur in event data and indicate the presence of a particular field. The graphical user interface applies a customer&#39;s delimiter specifications directly to event data and displays the resulting event data in real time. Delimiter specifications may be saved as configuration settings and systems in a distributed setting may use the delimiter specifications to extract field values as the systems process raw data into event data. Extracted field values may be used to accelerate search queries that a system receives.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/746,611 filed Jan. 17, 2020 and titled “Graphical User Interface For Parsing Events Using A Selected Field Delimiter Option,” which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/885,539 filed Jan. 31, 2018 and titled “Parsing Events Using A Selected Field Delimiter Option,” now issued U.S. Pat. No. 10,540,321, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/611,118 filed Jan. 30, 2015 and titled “Index Time, Delimiter Based Extractions And Previewing For Use In Indexing,” now issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,922,037, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to identification of fields in data using delimiters while indexing the data.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.

Big data intake and search systems typically store a large amount of data received from customers' systems. Customers desire the ability to search and analyze data stored in big data intake and search systems with as little lag time as possible. Accelerating searches across large amounts of data is challenge to big data intake and search system providers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a networked computer environment in which an embodiment may be implemented;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example data intake and query system in which an embodiment may be implemented;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram that illustrates how indexers process, index, and store data received from forwarders in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that illustrates how a search head and indexers perform a search query in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a system for processing search requests that uses extraction rules for field values in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example search query received from a client and executed by search peers in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 7A illustrates a search screen in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 7B illustrates a data summary dialog that enables a user to select various data sources in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8A illustrates a key indicators view in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8B illustrates an incident review dashboard m accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8C illustrates a proactive monitoring tree in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 8D illustrates a screen displaying both log data and performance data in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an example cloud-based data intake and query system in which an embodiment may be implemented;

FIG. 10 illustrates a graphical user interface for selecting field value extraction methods in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 11 illustrates a graphical user interface for selecting field delimiter values and displaying a real time preview of event data parsed using field delimiter selections in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates a graphical user interface for specifying fields that require special processing in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 13 illustrates a graphical user interface for specifying an evaluation expression used to evaluate values parsed from the event data in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 14 illustrates a graphical user interface for specify fields that are to be concatenated in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 15 illustrates a graphical user interface for specifying a delimiter that indicates where a value in a field is to be split in accordance with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 16 illustrates a graphical user interface for specifying characters and/or numbers of characters that are to be trimmed off of a value in the named field in accordance with the disclosed embodiments; and

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a computer system upon which embodiments may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.

Embodiments are described herein according to the following outline:

1.0. General Overview

2.0. Operating Environment

-   -   2.1. Host Devices     -   2.2. Client Devices     -   2.3. Client Device Applications     -   2.4. Data Intake and Query System Overview     -   2.5. Data Server System     -   2.6. Data Ingestion         -   2.6.1. Input         -   2.6.2. Parsing         -   2.6.3. Indexing     -   2.7. Query Processing     -   2.8. Field Extraction     -   2.9. Example Search Screen     -   2.10. Acceleration Techniques     -   2.10.1. Map-Reduce Technique     -   2.10.2. Keyword Index     -   2.10.3. High Performance Analytics Store     -   2.10.4. Accelerating Report Generation     -   2.10.5. Field Extraction at Index Time         -   2.10.5.1. Field Extraction Real Time Preview Graphical User             Interface         -   2.10.5.2. Indexer Runtime Field Extraction     -   2.11. Security Features     -   2.12. Data Center Monitoring     -   2.13. Cloud-Based System Overview

3.0. Implementation Mechanisms—Hardware Overview

4.0. Extensions and Alternatives

1.0. General Overview

This overview presents a basic description of some aspects of a possible embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that this overview is not an extensive or exhaustive summary of aspects of the possible embodiment. Moreover, it should be noted that this overview is not intended to be understood as identifying any particularly significant aspects or elements of the possible embodiment, nor as delineating any scope of the possible embodiment in particular, nor the invention in general. This overview merely presents some concepts that relate to the example possible embodiment in a condensed and simplified format, and should be understood as merely a conceptual prelude to a more detailed description of example possible embodiments that follows below.

Searching large amounts of data demands acceleration techniques at many levels in order for an overall system response to decrease. Search acceleration in a distributed system can benefit greatly from optimizations at the distributed system level. An embodiment uses field extraction techniques at the data indexing stage across distributed systems. The system parses event data using field delimiters. The field delimiters indicate to the system that a field is present. The system finds fields using field delimiters and extracts values from the fields. An index table is saved that indicates which events in the event data contain a particular value for a particular field. This can greatly speed up the processing of search queries involving field value queries. Rather than field values being extracted at search time using a late binding schema, a distributed system may extract field values as it is parsing raw data to create events and timestamps for the events. Search queries referencing specific fields can be answered directly from the index table.

In an embodiment, a real time preview graphical user interface allows customers to specify field delimiters and to preview the parsing of event data using specified field delimiters as the system parses the event data. The customer can save the specified field delimiters to configure distributed systems.

Other embodiments include, without limitation, a non-transitory computer-readable medium that includes processor-executable instructions that enable a processing unit to implement one or more aspects of the disclosed methods as well as a system configured to implement one or more aspects of the disclosed methods.

2.0. Operating Environment

FIG. 1 illustrates a networked computer system 100 in which an embodiment may be implemented. FIG. 1 represents on example embodiment that is provided for purposes of illustrating a clear example; other embodiments may use different arrangements.

The networked computer system 100 comprises one or more computing devices. These one or more computing devices comprise any combination of hardware and software configured to implement the various logical components described herein. For example, the one or more computing devices may include one or more memories storing instructions for implementing the various components described herein, one or more hardware processors configured to execute the instructions stored in the one or more memories, and various data repositories in the one or more memories for storing data structures utilized and manipulated by the various components.

In an embodiment, one or more client devices 102 are coupled to one or more host devices 106 and a data intake and query system 108 via one or more networks 104.

Networks 104 broadly represent one or more LANs, WANs, cellular networks (e.g., LTE, HSPA, 3G, and other cellular technologies), and/or internetworks using any of wired, wireless, terrestrial microwave, or satellite links, and may include the public Internet.

2.1. Host Devices

In an embodiment, a system 100 includes one or more host devices 106. Host devices 106 may broadly include any number of computers, virtual machine instances, and/or data centers that are configured to host or execute one or more instances of host applications 114. In general, a host device 106 may be involved, directly or indirectly, in processing requests received from client devices 102. For example, each host device 106 may comprise, for example, one or more of a network device, a web server, an application server, a database server, etc. A collection of host devices 106 may be configured to implement a network-based service. For example, a provider of a network-based service may configure one or more host devices 106 and host applications 114 (e.g., one or more web servers, application servers, database servers, etc.) to collectively implement the network-based application.

In general, client devices 102 communicate with one or more host applications 114 to exchange information. The communication between a client device 102 and a host application 114 may, for example, be based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or any other network protocol. Content delivered from the host application 1.1.4 to a client device 102 may include, for example, HTML documents, media content, etc. The communication between a client device 102 and host application 114 may include various request and response packets. For example, in general, a client device 102 may initiate communication with a host application 114 by making a request for a specific resource (e.g., based on an HTTP request), and the application server may respond with the requested content stored in one or more response packets.

In an embodiment, one or more of host applications 114 may generate various types of performance data during operation, including event logs, network data, sensor data, and other types of machine-generated data. For example, a host application 114 comprising a web server may generate one or more web server logs in which details of interactions between the web server and any number of client devices 102 is recorded. As another example, a host device 106 comprising a router may generate one or more router logs that record information related to network traffic managed by the router. As yet another example, a host application 114 comprising database server may generate one or more logs that record information related to requests sent from other host applications 114 (e.g., web servers or application servers) for data managed by the database server.

2.2. Client Devices

Client devices 102 of FIG. 1 broadly represent any computing device capable of interacting with one or more host devices 106 via a network 104. Examples of client devices 102 may include, without limitation, smart phones, tablet computers, other handheld computers, wearable devices, laptop computers, desktop computers, servers, portable media players, gaming devices, and so forth. In general, a client device 1.02 can provide access to different content, for instance, content provided by one or more host devices 106. Each client device 102 may comprise one or more client applications 110, described in more detail in a separate section hereinafter.

2.3. Client Device Applications

In an embodiment, each client device 102 may host or execute one or more client applications 110 that are capable of interacting with one or more host devices 106 via one or more networks 104. For instance, a client application 110 may be or comprise a web browser which a user may navigate to one or more websites or other resources provided by one or more host devices 106. As another example, a client application 110 may comprise a mobile application or “app.” For example, an operator of a network-based service hosted by one or more host devices 106 may make available one or more mobile apps that enable users of client devices 102 to access various resources of the network-based service. As yet another example, client applications 110 may include background processes that perform various operations without direct interaction from a user. A client application 110 may include a “plug-in” or “extension” to another application, such as a web browser plug-in or extension.

In an embodiment, a client application 110 may include a monitoring component 112. At a high level, the monitoring component 112 comprises a software component or other logic that facilitates generating performance data related to a client device's operating state, including monitoring network traffic sent and received from the client device and collecting other device and/or application-specific information. Monitoring component 112 may be an integrated component of a client application 110, a plug-in, an extension, or any other type of add-on to the application. Monitoring component 112 may also be a stand-alone process.

In one embodiment, a monitoring component 112 may be created when a client application 110 is initially developed, for example, by an application developer using a software development kit (SDK). The SDK may, for example, include custom monitoring code that can be incorporated into the code implementing a client application 110. When the code is converted to an executable application, the custom code implementing the monitoring functionality can become part of the application itself.

In some cases, an SDK or other code for implementing the monitoring functionality may be offered by a provider of a data intake and query system, such as a system 108. In such cases, the provider of the system 108 can implement the custom code such that performance data generated by the monitoring functionality is sent to the system 108 to facilitate analysis of the performance data by a developer of the client application or other users.

In an embodiment, the custom monitoring code may be incorporated into the code of a client application 110 in a number of different ways, such as the insertion of one or more lines in the client application code that call or otherwise invoke the monitoring component 112. As such, a developer of a client application 110 can add one or more lines of code into the client application 110 to trigger the monitoring component 112 at desired points during execution of the application. Code that triggers the monitoring component may be referred to as a monitor trigger. For instance, a monitor trigger may be included at or near the beginning of the executable code of the client application 110 such that the monitoring component 112 is initiated or triggered as the application is launched, or included at other points in the code that correspond to various actions of the client application, such as sending a network request or displaying a particular interface.

In an embodiment, the monitoring component 112 may monitor one or aspects of network traffic sent and/or received by a client application 110. For example, the monitoring component 11.2 may be configured to monitor data packets transmitted to and/or from one or more host application 114. Incoming and/or outgoing data packets can be read or examined to identify network data contained within the packets, for example, and other aspects of data packets can be analyzed to determine a number of network performance statistics. Monitoring network traffic may enable information to be gathered particular to the network performance associated with a client application 110 or set of applications.

In an embodiment, network performance data refers to any type of data that indicates information about the network and/or network performance. Network performance data may include, for instance, a URL requested, a connection type (http, https, etc.), a connection start time, a connection end time, HTTP status code, request length, response length, request headers, response headers, connection status (e.g., completion, response time(s), failure, etc.), and the like. Upon obtaining network performance data indicating performance of the network, the network performance data can be provided to a data intake and query system 108 for analysis.

Upon developing a client application 110 that incorporates a monitoring component 112, the client application 110 can be distributed to client devices 102. Applications generally can be distributed to client devices 102 in any manner. In some cases, the application may be distributed to a client device 102 via an application marketplace or other application distribution system. For instance, an application marketplace or other application distribution system might distribute the application to a client device based on a request from the client device to download the application.

Examples of functionality that enables monitoring performance of a client device are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/524,748, entitled “UTILIZING PACKET HEADERS TO MONITOR NETWORK TRAFFIC IN ASSOCIATION WITH A CLIENT DEVICE”, filed on 27 Oct. 2014, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

In an embodiment, the monitoring component 112 may also monitor and collect performance data related to one or more aspects of the operational state of a client application 110 and/or client device 102. For example, a monitoring component 112 may be configured to collect device performance information by monitoring one or more client device operations, or by making calls to an operating system and/or one or more other applications executing on a client device 102 for performance information. Device performance information may include, for instance, a current wireless signal strength of the device, a current connection type and network carrier, current memory performance information, a geographic location of the device, a device orientation, and any other information related to the operational state of the client device.

In an embodiment, the monitoring component 112 may also monitor and collect other device profile information including, for example, a type of client device, a manufacturer and model of the device, versions of various software applications installed on the device, and so forth.

In general, a monitoring component 112 may be configured to generate performance data in response to a monitor trigger in the code of a client application 110 or other triggering event, as described above, and to store the performance data in one or more data records. Each data record, for example, may include a collection of field-value pairs, each field-value pair storing a particular item of performance data in association with a field for the item. For example, a data record generated by a monitoring component 112 may include a “networkLatency” field in which a value is stored indicating a network latency measurement associated with one or more network requests, a “state” field to store a value indicating a state of a network connection, and so forth for any number of aspects of collected performance data.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example performance data record including performance data items that may be generated by a monitoring component 112 of a client device 102. The data record 1100, for example, includes several field-value pairs that provide various items of performance data which relate to a client device 102 that generated the record. The data record 1100 includes several data items that provide information about various software applications installed on the client device. For example, an “appVersionCode” and “appVersionName” field store values identifying a product version and name corresponding to client application 11.0. Similarly, an “osVersion” field stores a value indicating a version of an operating system executing on the client device. A “packageName” field, for example, stores a value identifying a portion of the code of client application 110 that triggered the monitoring.

The data record 1100 further includes several data items that relate to a current operating state of the client device generating the record. For example, a “carrier” field stores a value identifying a current provider of a network service used by the client device to connect to a network 104. A “connection” field stores a value indicating a current type of network connection (e.g., 3G, 4G, or Wi-Fi) the client device using. A “locale” field stores a value identifying a geographic location (e.g., “RU” indicating Russia) at which a client device 102 is currently operating. A “gps” field stores a value identifying a more specific geographic location at which the client device is currently operating, which may be based in part on Global Positioning System (GPS) data obtained from the client device, based on a triangulation estimate in reference to one or more cell tower locations, or derived from any other location data.

The example data record 1100 further includes fields that are configured to store various items of network performance information. For example, the network performance information may relate to one or more network events which triggered generation of the data record, or that occurred during a time period of device monitoring. In the example data record of FIG. 4 , for example, a “latency” field is associated with a value of 1253, indicating that one or more network requests were associated with a latency of approximately 1.2 seconds. A “remoteIP” field stores an IP address of a host device 106 or other device to which one or more network messages were sent or received. A “requestLength” field stores a value indicating a length of a request message and, similarly, a “responseLength” field stores a value indicating a length of a response message received. A “state” field stores a value indicating the state of a connection (e.g., CONNECTED or FAILED). A “statusCode” field stores a value indicating an HTTP status code related to a particular request. A “url” field stores a string indicating a URL included in a request sent by client application 110. An “extraData” field stores any custom data a developer of a client application 110 may desire to track in addition to the other provided fields.

The example data record 1100 further includes fields that are configured to store one or more identifiers. For example, data record 1100 includes each of a “userIdentifier field storing a value identifying a particular user of a client application 110, an “instanceIdentifier” field storing a value that identifies a particular instance of a client application 110, and a “sessionIdentifier” field storing a value that identifies a particular application session.

2.4. Data Intake and Query System Overview

Data intake and query system 108 generally represents a data analysis system that is configured to consume and analyze machine-generated data, such as performance data that may be generated by one or more client devices 102 and/or host devices 106. Analyzing massive quantities of machine data, such as performance data that may be generated by a large number of client devices 102 and host devices 106, presents a number of challenges, including ingesting the large quantities of data that may be generated by the client and host devices, and storing the data in a manner that enables efficient analysis.

In one embodiment, these challenges can be addressed by using an event-based data intake and query system, such as the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system produced by Splunk Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. The SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system is the leading platform for providing real-time operational intelligence that enables organizations to collect, index, and search machine-generated data from various websites, applications, servers, networks, and mobile devices that power their businesses. The SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system is particularly useful for analyzing unstructured data, which is commonly found in system and application log files, network data, and other data input sources. Although many of the techniques described herein are explained with reference to a data intake and query system similar to the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system, the techniques are also applicable to other types of data systems.

In the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system, machine-generated data is collected and stored as “events,” where each event comprises a portion of the machine-generated data and is associated with a specific point in time. For example, events may be derived from “time series data,” where the time series data comprises a sequence of data points (e.g., performance measurements from a computer system) that are associated with successive points in time. In general, each event may be associated with a timestamp that is derived from the raw data in the event, determined through interpolation between temporally proximate events having known timestamps, or determined based on other configurable rules for assigning timestamps to events.

Events can be derived from. either “structured” or “unstructured” machine data. In general, structured data has a predefined format, where data items with specific data formats are stored at predefined locations in the data. For example, structured data may include data stored as fields in a database table. In contrast, unstructured data may not have a predefined format. This means that unstructured data can comprise various data items of different data types and that may be stored at different locations within the data. For example, when the data source is an operating system log, an event can include one or more lines from the operating system log containing raw data that includes different types of performance and diagnostic information associated with a specific point in time.

Examples of components which may generate machine data from which events may be derived include, but are not limited to, web servers, application servers, databases, firewalls, routers, operating systems, and software applications that execute on computer systems, mobile devices, and sensors. The data generated by such data sources can include, for example and without limitation, server log files, activity log files, configuration files, messages, network packet data, performance measurements, and sensor measurements.

The SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system also facilitates using a flexible schema to specify how to extract information from the event data, where the flexible schema may be developed and redefined as needed. Note that a flexible schema may be applied to event data “on the fly,” when it is needed (e.g., at search time, etc.), rather than at ingestion time of the data as in traditional database systems. Because the schema is not applied to event data until it is needed (e.g., at search time, etc.), it may be referred to as a “late-binding schema.”

During operation, the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system starts with raw input data (e.g., one or more log files, a stream of network data, sensor data, any data stream, etc.). The system divides this raw data into blocks, and parses the data to produce timestamped events. The system stores the timestamped events in one or more data stores, and enables users to run queries against the stored data to retrieve events that meet criteria specified in a query, such as containing certain keywords or having specific values in defined fields. In this context, the term “field” refers to a location in the event data containing a value for a specific data item.

As noted above, the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system facilitates using a late-binding schema while performing queries on events. One aspect of a late-binding schema is “extraction rules” that are applied to data in the events to extract values for specific fields. More specifically, the extraction rules for a field can include one or more instructions that specify how to extract a value for the field from the event data. An extraction rule can generally include any type of instruction for extracting values from data in events. In some cases, an extraction rule comprises a regular expression, in which case the rule is referred to as a “regex rule.” In the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system, a field extractor may be configured to automatically generate extraction rules for certain fields in the events when the events are being created, indexed, or stored, or possible at a later time. Alternatively, a user may manually define extraction rules for fields using a variety of techniques. In contrast to a conventional schema for a database system, a late-binding schema is not defined at data ingestion time. Instead, the late-binding schema can be developed on an ongoing basis until the time a query is actually executed. This means that extraction rules for the fields in a query may be provided in the query itself, or may be located during execution of the query. Hence, as an analyst learns more about the data in the events, the analyst can continue to refine the late-binding schema by adding new fields, deleting fields, or modifying the field extraction rules for use the next time the schema is used by the system. Because the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system maintains the underlying raw data and provides a late-binding schema for searching the raw data, it enables an analyst to investigate questions that arise as the analyst learns more about the events.

In some embodiments, a common field name may be used to reference two or more fields containing equivalent data items, even though the fields may be associated with different types of events that possibly have different data formats and different extraction rules. By enabling a common field name to be used to identify equivalent fields from different types of events generated by different data sources, the system facilitates use of a “common information model” (CIM) across the different data sources.

2.5. Data Server System

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an example data intake and query system 108, similar to the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system. System 108 includes one or more forwarders 204 that consume data from a variety of input data sources 202, and one or more indexers 206 that process and store the data in one or more data stores 208. These forwarders and indexers can comprise separate computer systems, or may alternatively comprise separate processes executing on one or more computer systems.

Each data source 202 broadly represents a source of data can be consumed by a system 108. Examples of a data source 202 include, without limitation, data files, directories of files, data sent over a network, event logs, and registries. Each data source 202, for example,

During operation, the forwarders 204 identify which indexers 206 receive data collected from a data source 202 and forward the data to the appropriate indexers. Forwarders 204 can also perform operations on the data before forwarding, including removing extraneous data, detecting timestamps in the data, and/or performing other data transformations.

In an embodiment, a forwarder 204 may comprise a service accessible to client devices 102 and host devices 106 via a network 104. For example, one type of forwarder 204 may be capable of consuming vast amounts of real-time data from a potentially large number of client devices 102 and/or host devices 106. The forwarder 204 may, for example, comprise a computing device which implements multiple data pipelines or “queues” to handle forwarding of network data to indexers 206. Techniques for efficiently forwarding data through a data forwarder are described in U.S. Provisional. Appl. 62/053,101, entitled “DATA FORWARDING USING MULTIPLE DATA PIPELINES”, filed on 19 Sep. 2014, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

2.6. Data Ingestion

FIG. 3 depicts a flow chart illustrating an example data flow within a data intake and query system 108, in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The data flow illustrated in FIG. 3 is provided for illustrative purposes only; one or more of the steps of the processes illustrated in FIG. 3 may be removed or the ordering of the steps may be changed. Furthermore, for the purposes of illustrating a clear example, one or more particular system components is described as performing various operations during each of the data flow stages. For example, a forwarder is described as receiving and processing data during an input phase, an indexer is described as parsing and indexing data during parsing and indexing phases, and a search head is described as performing a search query during a search phase. However, it is noted that other system arrangements and distributions of the processing steps across system components may be used.

2.6.1. Input

At block 302, a forwarder receives data from an input source. A forwarder, for example, initially may receive the data as a raw data stream generated by the input source. For example, a forwarder may receive a data stream from a log file generated by an application server, from a stream of network data from a network device, or from any other source of data. In one embodiment, a forwarder receives the raw data and may segment the data stream into “blocks,” possibly of a uniform data size, to facilitate subsequent processing steps.

At block 304, a forwarder or other system component annotates each block generated from the raw data with one or more metadata fields. These metadata fields may, for example, provide information related to the data block as a whole and which apply to each event that is subsequently derived from the data block, as described in more detail below. For example, the metadata fields may include separate fields specifying each of a host, a source, and a source type related to the data block. A host field, for example, may contain a value identifying a host name or IP address of a device that generated the data. A source field may contain a value identifying a source of the data, such as a pathname of a file or a protocol and port related to received network data. A source type field may contain a value specifying a particular source type label for the data. Additional metadata fields may also be included during the input phase, such as a character encoding of the data if known, and possibly other values that provide information relevant to later processing steps. In an embodiment, a forwarder forwards the data to another system component for further processing, typically forwarding the annotated data blocks to an indexer.

2.6.2. Parsing

At block 306, an indexer receives data blocks from a forwarder and parses the data to organize the data into events. In an embodiment, to organize the data into events, an indexer may determine a source type associated with each data block (e.g., by extracting a source type label from the metadata fields associated with the data block) and refer to a source type configuration corresponding to the identified source type. The source type definition may include one or more properties that indicate to the indexer what are the boundaries of events in the data. In general, these properties may include regular expression-based rules or delimiter rules where, for example, event boundaries may be indicated by predefined characters or character strings. These predefined characters may include punctuation marks or other special characters including, for example, carriage returns, tabs, spaces, or line breaks. If a source type for the data is unknown to the indexer, an indexer may infer a source type for the data by examining the structure of the data and apply an inferred source type definition to the data to create the events.

At block 308, the indexer determines a timestamp for each event. Similar to the process for creating events, an indexer may again refer to a source type definition associated with the data to locate one or more properties that indicate instructions for determining a timestamp for each event. The properties may, for example, instruct an indexer to extract a time value from a portion of data in the event, to interpolate time values based on timestamps associated with temporally proximate events, to create a timestamp based on a time the event data was received or generated, or based on any other rules for determining timestamps.

At block 310, the indexer associates with each event one or more metadata fields including a field containing the timestamp determined for the event. These metadata fields may include a number of “default fields” that are associated with all events, and may also include one more custom fields as defined by a user. Similar to the metadata fields associated with the data blocks at block 304, the default metadata fields associated with each event may include a host, source, and source type field in addition to a field storing the timestamp.

At block 312, an indexer may optionally apply one or more transformations to data included in the events created at block 306. For example, such transformations can include removing a portion of an event (e.g., a portion used to define event boundaries, other extraneous text, etc.), masking a portion of an event (e.g., masking a credit card number), or removing redundant portions of an event. The transformations applied to event data may, for example, be specified in one or more configuration files and referenced by one or more source type definitions.

2.6.3. Indexing

At blocks 314 and 316, an indexer can optionally generate a keyword index to facilitate fast keyword searching for event data. To build a keyword index, at block 314, the indexer identifies a set of keywords in each event. At block 316, the indexer includes the identified keywords in an index, which associates each stored keyword with reference pointers to events containing that keyword (or to locations within events where that keyword is located, other location identifiers, etc.). When an indexer subsequently receives a keyword-based query, the indexer can access the keyword index to quickly identify events containing the keyword.

In some embodiments, the keyword index may include entries for name-value pairs found in events, where a name-value pair can include a pair of keywords connected by a symbol, such as an equals sign or colon. In this way, events containing these name-value pa1rs can be quickly located. In some embodiments, fields can automatically be generated for some or all of the name-value pairs at the time of indexing. For example, if the string “dest=10.0.1.2” is found in an event, a field named “dest” may be created for the event, and assigned a value of “10.0.1.2”.

At block 318, the indexer stores the events in a data store, where a timestamp can be stored with each event to facilitate searching for events based on a time range. In one embodiment, the stored events are organized into “buckets,” where each bucket stores events associated with a specific time range based on the timestamps associated with each event. This may not only improve time-based searching, but also allow for events with recent timestamps, which may have a higher likelihood of being accessed, to be stored in faster memory to facilitate faster retrieval. For example, buckets containing the most recent events can be stored as flash memory instead of on hard disk.

Each indexer 206 may be responsible for storing and searching a subset of the events contained in a corresponding data store 208. By distributing events among the indexers and data stores, the indexers can analyze events for a query in parallel, for example, using map-reduce techniques, wherein each indexer returns partial responses for a subset of events to a search head that combines the results to produce an answer for the query. By storing events in buckets for specific time ranges, an indexer may further optimize searching by looking only in buckets for time ranges that are relevant to a query.

Moreover, events and buckets can also be replicated across different indexers and data stores to facilitate high availability and disaster recovery as is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/266,812, filed on 30 Apr. 2014, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/266,817, also filed on 30 Apr. 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

2.7. Query Processing

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that illustrates an example process that a search head and one or more indexers may perform during a search query. At block 402, a search head receives a search query from a client. At block 404, the search head analyzes the search query to determine what portions can be delegated to indexers and what portions can be executed locally by the search head. At block 406, the search head distributes the determined portions of the query to the appropriate indexers.

At block 408, the indexers to which the query was distributed search their data stores for events that are responsive to the query. To determine which events are responsive to the query, the indexer searches for events that match the criteria specified in the query. This criteria can include matching keywords or specific values for certain fields. In searches that use a late-binding schema, the searching operations at block 408 may involve using the late-binding schema to extract values for specified fields from events at the time the query is processed. In an embodiment, one or more rules for extracting field values may be specified as part of a source type definition. The indexers may then either send the relevant events back to the search head, or use the events to calculate a partial result, and send the partial result back to the search head.

At block 410, the search head combines the partial results and/or events received from the indexers to produce a result for the query. This result may comprise different types of data depending on what the query requested. For example, the results can include a listing of matching events returned by the query, or some type of visualization of the data from the returned events. In another example, the final result can include one or more calculated values derived from the matching events.

The results generated by the system 108 can be returned to a client using different techniques. For example, one technique streams results back to a client in real-time as they are identified. Another technique waits to report the results to the client until a complete set of results is ready to return to the client. Yet another technique streams interim results back to the client in real-time until a complete set of results is ready, and then returns the complete set of results to the client. In another technique, certain results are stored as “search jobs” and the client may retrieve the results by referring the search jobs.

The search head can also perform various operations to make the search more efficient. For example, before the search head begins execution of a query, the search head can determine a time range for the query and a set of common keywords that all matching events include. The search head may then use these parameters to query the indexers to obtain a superset of the eventual results. Then, during a filtering stage, the search head can perform field-extraction operations on the superset to produce a reduced set of search results.

2.8. Field Extraction

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of applying extraction rules to a search query received from a client. At the start of the process, a search query 502 is received at a query processor 504. Query processor 504 includes various mechanisms for processing a query and may reside in a search head 210 and/or an indexer 206. Note that the example search query 502 illustrated in FIG. 5 is expressed in Search Processing Language (SPL), which is used in conjunction with the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system. SPL is a pipelined search language in which a set of inputs is operated on by a first command in a command line, and then a subsequent command following the pipe symbol “I” operates on the results produced by the first command, and so on for additional commands. Search query 502 can also be expressed in other query languages, such as the Structured Query Language (“SQL”) or any other query language.

In response to receiving search query 502, query processor 504 determines that search query 502 refers to two fields: “IP” and “target.” Query processor 504 also determines that the values for the “IP” and “target” fields have not already been extracted from events stored in a data store 514, and consequently determines that query processor 504 can use extraction rules to extract values for the fields. Hence, query processor 504 performs a lookup for the extraction rules in a rule base 506. For example, rule base 506 may include a source type definition, where the source type definition includes extraction rules for various different source types. The query processor 504 obtains extraction rules 508-509, wherein extraction rule 508 specifies how to extract a value for the “IP” field from an event, and extraction rule 509 specifies how to extract a value for the “target” field from an event. As is illustrated in FIG. 5 , extraction rules 508-509 can comprise regular expressions that specify how to extract values for the relevant fields. Such regular expression-based extraction rules are also referred to as “regex rules.” In addition to specifying how to extract field values, the extraction rules may also include instructions for deriving a field value by performing a function on a character string or value retrieved by the extraction rule. For example, a transformation rule may truncate a character string, or convert the character string into a different data format. In some cases, the query itself can specify one or more extraction rules.

Next, query processor 504 sends extraction rules 508-509 to a field extractor 512, which applies extraction rules 508-509 to events 516-518 in a data store 514. Note that data store 514 can include one or more data stores, and extraction rules 508-509 can be applied to large numbers of events in data store 514, and are not meant to be limited to the three events 516-517 illustrated in FIG. 5 . Moreover, the query processor 514 can instruct field extractor 512 to apply the extraction rules to all the events in a data store 514, or to a subset of the events that have been filtered based on some criteria.

Next, field extractor 512 applies extraction rule 508 for the first command “Search IP=“10*” to events in data store 514 including events 516-518. Extraction rule 508 is used to extract values for the IP address field from events in data store 514 by looking for a pattern of one or more digits, followed by a period, followed again by one or more digits, followed by another period, followed again by one or more digital s, followed by another period, and followed again by one or more digits. Next, field extractor 512 returns field values 520 to query processor 504, which uses the criterion IP=“10*” to look for IP addresses that start with “1 0”. Note that events 516 and 517 match this criterion, but event 518 does not, so the result set for the first command includes events 516-517.

Query processor 504 then sends events 516-517 to the next command “stats count target.” To process this command, query processor 504 causes field extractor 512 to apply extraction rule 509 to events 516-517. Extraction rule 509 is used to extract values for the target field for events 516-517 by skipping the first four commas in events 516-517, and then extracting all of the following characters until a comma or period is reached. Next, field extractor 512 returns field values 521 to query processor 504, which executes the command “stats count target” to count the number of unique values contained in the target fields, which in this example produces the value “2” that is returned as a final result 522 for the query.

Note that query results can be returned to a client, a search head, or any other system component for further processing. In general, query results may include a set of one or more events, a set of one or more values obtained from the events, a subset of the values, statistics calculated based on the values, a report containing the values, or a visualization, such as a graph or chart, generated from the values.

2.9. Example Search Screen

FIG. 7A illustrates an example search screen 700 in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Search screen 700 includes a search bar 702 that accepts user input in the form of a search string. It also includes a time range picker 712 that enables the user to specify a time range for the search. For “historical searches” the user can select a specific time range, or alternatively a relative time range, such as “today,” “yesterday” or “last week.” For “real-time searches,” the user can select the size of a preceding time window to search for real-time events. Search screen 700 also initially displays a “data summary” dialog as is illustrated in FIG. 7B that enables the user to select different sources for the event data, for example by selecting specific hosts and log files.

After the search is executed, the search screen 700 can display the results through search results tabs 704, wherein search results tabs 704 includes: an “events tab” that displays various information about events returned by the search; a “statistics tab” that displays statistics about the search results; and a “visualization tab” that displays various visualizations of the search results. The events tab illustrated in FIG. 7A displays a timeline graph 705 that graphically illustrates the number of events that occurred in one-hour intervals over the selected time range. It also displays an events list 708 that enables a user to view the raw data in each of the returned events. It additionally displays a fields sidebar 706 that includes statistics about occurrences of specific fields in the returned events, including “selected fields” that are pre-selected by the user, and “interesting fields” that are automatically selected by the system based on pre-specified criteria.

2.10. Acceleration Technique

The above-described system provides significant flexibility by enabling a user to analyze massive quantities of minimally processed performance data “on the fly” at search time instead of storing pre-specified portions of the performance data in a database at ingestion time. This flexibility enables a user to see correlations in the performance data and perform subsequent queries to examine interesting aspects of the performance data that may not have been apparent at ingestion time.

However, performing extraction and analysis operations at search time can involve a large amount of data and require a large number of computational operations, which can cause considerable delays while processing the queries. Fortunately, a number of acceleration techniques have been developed to speed up analysis operations performed at search time. These techniques include: (1) performing search operations in parallel by formulating a search as a map-reduce computation; (2) using a keyword index; (3) using a high performance analytics store; and (4) accelerating the process of generating reports. These techniques are described in more detail below.

2.10.1. Map-Reduce Technique

To facilitate faster query processing, a query can be structured as a map-reduce computation, wherein the “map” operations are delegated to the indexers, while the corresponding “reduce” operations are performed locally at the search head. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates how a search query 602 received from a client at a search head 210 can split into two phases, including: (1) a “map phase” comprising subtasks 604 (e.g., data retrieval or simple filtering) that may be performed in parallel and are “mapped” to indexers 206 for execution, and (2) a “reduce phase” comprising a merging operation 606 to be executed by the search head when the results are ultimately collected from the indexers.

During operation, upon receiving search query 602, a search head 210 modifies search query 602 by substituting “stats” with “prestats” to produce search query 604, and then distributes search query 604 to one or more distributed indexers, which are also referred to as “search peers.” Note that search queries may generally specify search criteria or operations to be performed on events that meet the search criteria. Search queries may also specify field names, as well as search criteria for the values in the fields or operations to be performed on the values in the fields. Moreover, the search head may distribute the full search query to the search peers as is illustrated in FIG. 4 , or may alternatively distribute a modified version (e.g., a more restricted version) of the search query to the search peers. In this example, the indexers are responsible for producing the results and sending them to the search head. After the indexers return the results to the search head, the search head performs the merging operations 606 on the results. Note that by executing the computation in this way, the system effectively distributes the computational operations while minimizing data transfers.

2.10.2. Keyword Index

As described above with reference to the flow charts in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 , data intake and query system 108 can construct and maintain one or more keyword indices to facilitate rapidly identifying events containing specific keywords. This can greatly speed up the processing of queries involving specific keywords. As mentioned above, to build a keyword index, an indexer first identifies a set of keywords. Then, the indexer includes the identified keywords in an index, which associates each stored keyword with references to events containing that keyword, or to locations within events where that keyword is located. When an indexer subsequently receives a keyword-based query, the indexer can access the keyword index to quickly identify events containing the keyword.

2.10.3. High Performance Analytics Store

To speed up certain types of queries, some embodiments of system 108 make use of a high performance analytics store, which is referred to as a “summarization table,” that contains entries for specific field-value pairs. Each of these entries keeps track of instances of a specific value in a specific field in the event data and includes references to events containing the specific value in the specific field. For example, an example entry in a summarization table can keep track of occurrences of the value “94107” in a “ZIP code” field of a set of events, wherein the entry includes references to all of the events that contain the value “94107” in the ZIP code field. This enables the system to quickly process queries that seek to determine how many events have a particular value for a particular field, because the system can examine the entry in the summarization table to count instances of the specific value in the field without having to go through the individual events or do extractions at search time. Also, if the system needs to process all events that have a specific field-value combination, the system can use the references in the summarization table entry to directly access the events to extract further information without having to search all of the events to find the specific field-value combination at search time.

In some embodiments, the system maintains a separate summarization table for each of the above-described time-specific buckets that stores events for a specific time range, wherein a bucket-specific summarization table includes entries for specific field-value combinations that occur in events in the specific bucket. Alternatively, the system can maintain a separate summarization table for each indexer, wherein the indexer-specific summarization table only includes entries for the events in a data store that is managed by the specific indexer.

The summarization table can be populated by running a “collection query” that scans a set of events to find instances of a specific field-value combination, or alternatively instances of all field-value combinations for a specific field. A collection query can be initiated by a user, or can be scheduled to occur automatically at specific time intervals. A collection query can also be automatically launched in response to a query that asks for a specific field-value combination.

In some cases, the summarization tables may not cover all of the events that are relevant to a query. In this case, the system can use the summarization tables to obtain partial results for the events that are covered by summarization tables, but may also have to search through other events that are not covered by the summarization tables to produce additional results. These additional results can then be combined with the partial results to produce a final set of results for the query. This summarization table and associated techniques are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,925, issued on Mar. 25, 2014.

2.10.4. Accelerating Report Generation

In some embodiments, a data server system such as the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system can accelerate the process of periodically generating updated reports based on query results. To accelerate this process, a summarization engine automatically examines the query to determine whether generation of updated reports can be accelerated by creating intermediate summaries. (This is possible if results from preceding time periods can be computed separately and combined to generate an updated report. In some cases, it is not possible to combine such incremental results, for example where a value in the report depends on relationships between events from different time periods.) If reports can be accelerated, the summarization engine periodically generates a summary covering data obtained during a latest non-overlapping time period. For example, where the query seeks events meeting a specified criteria, a summary for the time period includes only events within the time period that meet the specified criteria. Similarly, if the query seeks statistics calculated from the events, such as the number of events that match the specified criteria, then the summary for the time period includes the number of events in the period that match the specified criteria.

In parallel with the creation of the summaries, the summarization engine schedules the periodic updating of the report associated with the query. During each scheduled report update, the query engine determines whether intermediate summaries have been generated covering portions of the time period covered by the report update. If so, then the report is generated based on the information contained in the summaries. Also, if additional event data has been received and has not yet been summarized, and is required to generate the complete report, the query can be run on this additional event data. Then, the results returned by this query on the additional event data, along with the partial results obtained from the intermediate summaries, can be combined to generate the updated report. This process is repeated each time the report is updated. Alternatively, if the system stores events in buckets covering specific time ranges, then the summaries can be generated on a bucket-by-bucket basis. Note that producing intermediate summaries can save the work involved in re-running the query for previous time periods, so only the newer event data needs to be processed while generating an updated report. These report acceleration techniques are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,589,403, issued on 19 Nov., 2013, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,412,696, issued on 2 Apr., 2011.

2.10.5. Field Extraction at Index Time

Search acceleration may also be facilitated using a technique called field extraction. Data intake and query system 108 can construct and maintain one or more field extraction indexes to facilitate rapidly identifying events having specific field values. This can greatly speed up the processing of search queries involving field value queries. Rather than field values being extracted at search time using a late binding schema, an indexer may extract field values as it is parsing raw data to create events and timestamps for the events. Using delimiters and patterns, an indexer can parse the event data and identify specific fields in order to extract the values in the fields. The indexer needs to know what delimiter(s) or patterns in the event data signify a field. The data intake and query system creates a real time preview display that allows a customer to specify field delimiters and to view in real time the results of the delimiter specification on raw data obtained from a specific source type that the customer indicates.

2.10.5.1. Field Extraction Real Time Preview Graphical User Interface

As shown in FIGS. 10-17 , the data intake and query system (in some embodiments the search head) generates and causes the display of a series of graphical user interfaces that allow the customer to specify delimiters and/or patterns that identify fields in the event data. FIG. 10 illustrates a graphical user interface 1000 that shows that customer has selected a source type 1001. In an embodiment, the search head requests a portion (e.g., a number of bytes, etc.) of data stored at an indexer for the source type specified by the customer. The indexer sends the requested portion of the data to the search head. The search head uses the received portion of the data to display the results of applying field delimiter selections as specified by the customer upon the data. In another embodiment, the search head loads a file specified by the customer that contains raw or event data.

In an embodiment, if the search head receives raw data the search head can parse the raw data into events.

In an embodiment, the customer may select the method used to specify fields that appear in one or more events in the event data. The customer may select from regular expressions 1002 or delimiters 1003. When a customer selects delimiters 1003, a graphical user interface as illustrated in FIG. 11 is created and caused to be displayed.

Graphical user interface 1100 allows a customer to specify character delimiters for selected fields. Selectable buttons are displayed that allow a customer to specify a character delimiter 1101. Several selections such as ‘space,” “comma,” “tab,” and “pipe” are shown as selectable presets, however, any number of characters may be displayed as presets, e.g., quotes, dashes, underlies, etc. A selectable button labeled “other” allows the customer to specify a character or pattern of characters that is not available as a preset value. Once the customer specifies a delimiter character or pattern of characters, an example event 1102 is displayed using the selected delimiter character or pattern as a delimiter for fields in the event. The customer can select a field 1103 by clicking (hovering, etc.) on the field. This field is the field that the customer is interested in within the event data and is delimited using the selected delimiter. The customer can name the field or allow the system to name the field 1104. Real time preview area 1106 may display the results of the customer's delimiter and field selections upon raw data from the source type. The customer may filter the results, specify how many events are operated upon, order the events, and/or display all events, matching events, or non-matching events 1107. Preview listing 1108 allows the customer to scroll through the processed raw data to observe whether the delimiter and field specifications are correct. Fields that have been defined may be highlighted 1109 by a clickable or selectable icon allowing the customer to view and edit the specific field definition. Once the customer is satisfied with the delimiter selection and field name, the customer may click on the “add extraction” button 1105 that saves the delimiter extraction rule in an indexer configuration file.

When the customer selects regular expressions 1002, the customer is presented with a graphical user interface that allows the customer to enter a regular expression that is used to parse the event data. The customer may view the regular expression as the customer defines the regular expression in a preview area as described above with respect to preview area 1106.

FIG. 12 illustrates a graphical user interface 1200 that allows the customer to specify fields that require special processing in order for the indexer to properly interpret the extracted field values. The indexer must create field value pairs (described below) as it is parsing the fields and extracting the values from the fields. The interpretation of the values contained in the event data allow for a more legible set of results. The customer may select a specific field 1201 and the data intake and query system presents a pop up menu 1202 that where the customer can select the type of processing desired for the field values. FIGS. 13-16 illustrate options available to the customer for some of the processing types shown in 1202.

FIG. 13 illustrates a graphical user interface 1300 that allows the customer to specify an evaluation expression used to evaluate values parsed from the event data for the field. The evaluation expression may be defined through form/graphical methods. UI controls or form-inputs could result in the appropriate evaluation expression. Other examples of evaluation expressions could be conditional (e.g., if value between 0-5, then “good”, if 5-10 “bad”, etc.), or any number of other functions. FIG. 14 illustrates a graphical user interface 1400 that allows the customer to specify fields that the indexer concatenates the result of which will be the value for the specified field. FIG. 15 illustrates a graphical user interface 1500 that allows the customer to specify a delimiter that indicates where a value in a field is to be split and the names of the resulting fields. The indexer can split the field based on the delimiter and create new fields with the resulting values. FIG. 16 illustrates a graphical user interface 1600 that allows the customer to specify characters and/or numbers of characters that are to be trimmed off of the value in the named field. The customer can save the entries from each graphical user interface and they will be added to the indexer configuration file.

2.10.5.2. Indexer Runtime Field Extraction

In an embodiment, when a forwarder sends one or more buckets of data to an indexer, it may include a header that contains the indexer configuration file for the source type where the data originated from.

In another embodiment, the indexer is sent the indexer configuration file among other configuration files as described above. The indexer identifies the source type for the data when it receives the one or more buckets of data from the forwarder.

As the indexer indexes the events it uses delimiter extraction rules from the indexer configuration file to perform field extraction from the event data after the raw data has been parsed into events. The indexer saves field value pairs and an indication of associated event(s) (e.g., reference pointers to the event(s), unique event ID numbers, etc.) where the field value pair occurred in a field extraction index file (e.g., a tsidx file). Each value in each field value pair is unique. The index file is stored along with the associated bucket of data. Each bucket of data may have an associated field extraction index file.

The indexer accelerates search queries using the field extraction index. When the indexer receives a search query from the search head, it evaluates the contents of the search query. If the search query involves a specific field and/or field value, the indexer examines the field extraction index that is associated with the bucket of data being searched. If the specific field and/or field value is found (satisfies the search query) in the field value pairs in the field extraction index, the indexer can return information associated with the events listed in the field extraction index that have specific values in the field.

2.11. Security Features

The SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE platform provides various schemas, dashboards and visualizations that make it easy for developers to create applications to provide additional capabilities. One such application is the SPLUNK® APP FOR ENTERPRISE SECURITY, which performs monitoring and alerting operations and includes analytics to facilitate identifying both known and unknown security threats based on large volumes of data stored by the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system. This differs significantly from conventional Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems that lack the infrastructure to effectively store and analyze large volumes of security-related event data. Traditional SIEM systems typically use fixed schemas to extract data from pre-defined security-related fields at data ingestion time, wherein the extracted data is typically stored in a relational database. This data extraction process (and associated reduction in data size) that occurs at data ingestion time inevitably hampers future incident investigations, when all of the original data may be needed to determine the root cause of a security issue, or to detect the tiny fingerprints of an impending security threat.

In contrast, the SPLUNK® APP FOR ENTERPRISE SECURITY system stores large volumes of minimally processed security-related data at ingestion time for later retrieval and analysis at search time when a live security threat is being investigated. To facilitate this data retrieval process, the SPLUNK® APP FOR ENTERPRISE SECURITY provides pre-specified schemas for extracting relevant values from the different types of security-related event data, and also enables a user to define such schemas.

The SPLUNK® APP FOR ENTERPRISE SECURITY can process many types of security-related information. In general, this security-related information can include any information that can be used to identify security threats. For example, the security-related information can include network-related information, such as IP addresses, domain names, asset identifiers, network traffic volume, uniform resource locator strings, and source addresses. (The process of detecting security threats for network-related information is further described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/956,252, and 13/956,262.) Security-related information can also include endpoint information, such as malware infection data and system configuration information, as well as access control information, such as login/logout information and access failure notifications. The security-related information can originate from various sources within a data center, such as hosts, virtual machines, storage devices and sensors. The security-related information can also originate from various sources in a network, such as routers, switches, email servers, proxy servers, gateways, firewalls and intrusion-detection systems.

During operation, the SPLUNK® APP FOR ENTERPRISE SECURITY facilitates detecting so-called “notable events” that are likely to indicate a security threat. These notable events can be detected in a number of ways: (1) an analyst can notice a correlation in the data and can manually identify a corresponding group of one or more events as “notable;” or (2) an analyst can define a “correlation search” specifying criteria for a notable event, and every time one or more events satisfy the criteria, the application can indicate that the one or more events are notable. An analyst can alternatively select a pre-defined correlation search provided by the application. Note that correlation searches can be run continuously or at regular intervals (e.g., every hour) to search for notable events. Upon detection, notable events can be stored in a dedicated “notable events index,” which can be subsequently accessed to generate various visualizations containing security-related information. Also, alerts can be generated to notify system operators when important notable events are discovered.

The SPLUNK® APP FOR ENTERPRISE SECURITY provides various visualizations to aid in discovering security threats, such as a “key indicators view” that enables a user to view security metrics of interest, such as counts of different types of notable events. For example, FIG. 8A illustrates an example key indicators view 800 that comprises a dashboard, which can display a value 801, for various security-related metrics, such as malware infections 802. It can also display a change in a metric value 803, which indicates that the number of malware infections increased by 63 during the preceding interval. Key indicators view 800 additionally displays a histogram panel 804 that displays a histogram of notable events organized by urgency values, and a histogram of notable events organized by time intervals. This key indicators view is described in further detail in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/956,338 filed Jul. 31, 2013.

These visualizations can also include an “incident review dashboard” that enables a user to view and act on “notable events.” These notable events can include: (1) a single event of high importance, such as any activity from a known web attacker; or (2) multiple events that collectively warrant review, such as a large number of authentication failures on a host followed by a successful authentication. For example, FIG. 8B illustrates an example incident review dashboard 810 that includes a set of incident attribute fields 811 that, for example, enables a user to specify a time range field 812 for the displayed events. It also includes a timeline 813 that graphically illustrates the number of incidents that occurred in one-hour time intervals over the selected time range. It additionally displays an events list 814 that enables a user to view a list of all of the notable events that match the criteria in the incident attributes fields 811. To facilitate identifying patterns among the notable events, each notable event can be associated with an urgency value (e.g., low, medium, high, critical), which is indicated in the incident review dashboard. The urgency value for a detected event can be determined based on the severity of the event and the priority of the system component associated with the event. The incident review dashboard is described further in “http://docs.splunk.com/Documentation/PC1/2.1.1/User/IncidentReviewdashboard.”

2.12. Data Center Monitoring

As mentioned above, the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE platform provides various features that make it easy for developers to create various applications. One such application is the SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE®, which performs monitoring operations and includes analytics to facilitate diagnosing the root cause of performance problems in a data center based on large volumes of data stored by the SPLUNK® ENTERPRISE system.

This differs from conventional data-center-monitoring systems that lack the infrastructure to effectively store and analyze large volumes of performance information and log data obtained from the data center. In conventional data-center-monitoring systems, this performance data is typically pre-processed prior to being stored, for example by extracting pre-specified data items from the performance data and storing them in a database to facilitate subsequent retrieval and analysis at search time. However, the rest of the performance data is not saved and is essentially discarded during pre-processing. In contrast, the SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® stores large volumes of minimally processed performance information and log data at ingestion time for later retrieval and analysis at search time when a live performance issue is being investigated.

The SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® can process many types of performance-related information. In general, this performance-related information can include any type of performance-related data and log data produced by virtual machines and host computer systems in a data center. In addition to data obtained from various log files, this performance-related information can include values for performance metrics obtained through an application programming interface (API) provided as part of the vSphere Hypervisor™ system distributed by VMware, Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. For example, these performance metrics can include: (1) CPU-related performance metrics; (2) disk-related performance metrics; (3) memory-related performance metrics; (4) network-related performance metrics; (5) energy-usage statistics; (6) data-traffic-related performance metrics; (7) overall system availability performance metrics; (8) cluster-related performance metrics; and (9) virtual machine performance statistics. For more details about such performance metrics, please see U.S. patent Ser. No. 14/167,316 filed 29 Jan. 2014, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Also, see “vSphere Monitoring and Performance,” Update 1, vSphere 5.5, EN-001357-00, http://pubs.vmware.com/vsphere-55/topic/com.vmware.1Cbase/PDF/vsphere-esxi-vcenter-ser ver-551-monitoring-performance-guide.pdf.

To facilitate retrieving information of interest from performance data and log files, the SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® provides pre-specified schemas for extracting relevant values from different types of performance-related event data, and also enables a user to define such schemas.

The SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® additionally provides various visualizations to facilitate detecting and diagnosing the root cause of performance problems. For example, one such visualization is a “proactive monitoring tree” that enables a user to easily view and understand relationships among various factors that affect the performance of a hierarchically structured computing system. This proactive monitoring tree enables a user to easily navigate the hierarchy by selectively expanding nodes representing various entities (e.g., virtual centers or computing clusters) to view performance information for lower-level nodes associated with lower-level entities (e.g., virtual machines or host systems). Example node-expansion operations are illustrated in FIG. 8C, wherein nodes 833 and 834 are selectively expanded. Note that nodes 831-839 can be displayed using different patterns or colors to represent different performance states, such as a critical state, a warning state, a normal state or an unknown/offline state. The ease of navigation provided by selective expansion in combination with the associated performance-state information enables a user to quickly diagnose the root cause of a performance problem. The proactive monitoring tree is described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/235,490 filed on 15 Apr. 2014, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all possible purposes.

The SPLUNK® APP FOR VMWARE® also provides a user interface that enables a user to select a specific time range and then view heterogeneous data, comprising events, log data and associated performance metrics, for the selected time range. For example, the screen illustrated in FIG. 8D displays a listing of recent “tasks and events” and a listing of recent “log entries” for a selected time range above a performance-metric graph for “average CPU core utilization” for the selected time range. Note that a user is able to operate pull-down menus 842 to selectively display different performance metric graphs for the selected time range. This enables the user to correlate trends in the performance-metric graph with corresponding event and log data to quickly determine the root cause of a performance problem. This user interface is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/167,316 filed on 29 Jan. 2014, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for all possible purposes.

2.13. Cloud-Based System Overview

The example data intake and query system 108 described in reference to FIG. 2 comprises several system components, including one or more forwarders, indexers, and search heads. In some environments, a user of a data intake and query system 108 may install and configure, on computing devices owned and operated by the user, one or more software applications that implement some or all of these system components. For example, a user may install a software application on server computers owned by the user and configure each server to operate as one or more of a forwarder, an indexer, a search head, etc. This arrangement generally may be referred to as an “on-premises” solution, meaning the system 1.08 is installed and operates on computing devices directly controlled by the user of the system. Some users may prefer an on-premises solution since it may provide a greater level of control over the configuration of certain aspects of the system. However, other users may instead prefer an arrangement in which the user is not directly responsible for providing and managing the computing devices upon which various components of system. 108 operate.

In one embodiment, to provide an alternative to an entirely on-premises environment for system 108, one or more of the components of a data intake and query system instead may be provided as a cloud-based service. In this context, a cloud-based service refers to a service hosted by one more computing resources that are accessible to end users over a network, for example, by using a web browser or other application on a client device to interface with the remote computing resources. For example, a service provider may provide a cloud-based data intake and query system by managing computing resources configured to implement various aspects of the system (e.g., forwarders, indexers, search heads, etc.) and providing access to the system to end users via a network. Typically, a user may pay a subscription or other fee to use such a service, and each subscribing user to the cloud-based service may be provided with an account that enables the user to configure a customized cloud-based system based on the user's preferences.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an example cloud-based data intake and query system. Similar to the system of FIG. 2 , the networked computer system 900 includes input data sources 202 and forwarders 204. In the example system 900 of FIG. 9 , one or more forwarders 204 and client devices 902 are coupled to a cloud-based data intake and query system 906 via one or more networks 904. Network 904 broadly represents one or more LANs, WANs, cellular networks, and/or internetworks using any of wired, wireless, terrestrial microwave, satellite links, etc., and may include the public Internet, and is used by client devices 902 and forwarders 204 to access the system 906. Similar to the system of 108, each of the forwarders 204 may be configured to receive data from an input source and to forward the data to other components of the system. 906 for further processing.

In an embodiment, a cloud-based data intake and query system 906 may comprise a plurality of system instances 908. In general, each system instance 908 may include one or more computing resources managed by a provider of the cloud-based system 906 made available to a particular subscriber. The computing resources comprising a system instance 908 may, for example, include one or more servers or other devices configured to implement one or more forwarders, indexers, search heads, and other components of a data intake and query system, similar to system 108. As indicated above, a subscriber may use a web browser or other application of a client device 902 to access a web portal or other interface that enables the subscriber to configure an instance 908.

Providing a data intake and query system as described in reference to system 108 as a cloud-based service presents a number of challenges. Each of the components of a system 108 (e.g., forwarders, indexers and search heads) may at times refer to various configuration files stored locally at each component. These configuration files typically may involve some level of user configuration to accommodate particular types of data a user desires to analyze and to account for other user preferences. However, in a cloud-based service context, users typically may not have direct access to the underlying computing resources implementing the various system components (e.g., the computing resources comprising each system instance 908). Thus may desire to make such configurations indirectly, for example, using one or more web-based interfaces. Thus, the techniques and systems described herein for providing user interfaces that enable a user to configure source type definitions are applicable to both on-premises and cloud-based service contexts, or some combination thereof.

In an embodiment, an apparatus comprises a processor and is configured to perform any of the foregoing methods.

In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, storing software instructions, which when executed by one or more processors cause performance of any of the foregoing methods.

Note that, although separate embodiments are discussed herein, any combination of embodiments and/or partial embodiments discussed herein may be combined to form further embodiments.

3.0. Implementation Mechanisms-Hardware Overview

According to an embodiment, the techniques described herein are implemented by one or more special-purpose computing devices. The special-purpose computing devices may be hard-wired to perform the techniques, or may include digital electronic devices such as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that are persistently programmed to perform the techniques, or may include one or more general purpose hardware processors programmed to perform the techniques pursuant to program instructions in firmware, memory, other storage, or a combination. Such special-purpose computing devices may also combine custom hard-wired logic, ASICs, or FPGAs with custom programming to accomplish the techniques. The special-purpose computing devices may be desktop computer systems, portable computer systems, handheld devices, networking devices or any other device that incorporates hard-wired and/or program logic to implement the techniques.

For example, FIG. 17 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 1700 upon which an embodiment may be implemented. Computer system 1700 includes a bus 1702 or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a hardware processor 1704 coupled with bus 1702 for processing information. Hardware processor 1704 may be, for example, a general purpose microprocessor.

Computer system 1700 also includes a main memory 1706, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 1702 for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor 1704. Main memory 1706 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 1704. Such instructions, when stored in non-transitory storage media accessible to processor 1704, render computer system 1700 into a special-purpose machine that is customized to perform the operations specified in the instructions.

Computer system 1700 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 1708 or other static storage device coupled to bus 1702 for storing static information and instructions for processor 1704. A storage device 1710, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, or solid-state drive is provided and coupled to bus 1702 for storing information and instructions.

Computer system 1700 may be coupled via bus 1702 to a display 1712, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device 1714, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus 1702 for communicating information and command selections to processor 1704. Another type of user input device is cursor control 1716, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor 1704 and for controlling cursor movement on display 1712. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane.

Computer system 1700 may implement the techniques described herein using customized hard-wired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmware and/or program logic which in combination with the computer system causes or programs computer system 1700 to be a special-purpose machine. According to one embodiment, the techniques herein are performed by computer system 1700 in response to processor 1704 executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory 1706. Such instructions may be read into main memory 1706 from another storage medium, such as storage device 1710. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory 1706 causes processor 1704 to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions.

The term “storage media” as used herein refers to any non-transitory media that store data and/or instructions that cause a machine to operate in a specific fashion. Such storage media may comprise non-volatile media and/or volatile media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical disks, magnetic disks, or solid-state drives, such as storage device 1710. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 1706. Common forms of storage media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, solid-state drive, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic data storage medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical data storage medium, any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, NVRAM, any other memory chip or cartridge.

Storage media is distinct from but may be used in conjunction with transmission media. Transmission media participates in transferring information between storage media. For example, transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 1702. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data communications.

Various forms of media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 1704 for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk or solid-state drive of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system. 1700 can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infra-red transmitter to convert the data to an infra-red signal. An infra-red detector can receive the data carried in the infra-red signal and appropriate circuitry can place the data on bus 1702. Bus 1702 carries the data to main memory 1706, from which processor 1704 retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory 1706 may optionally be stored on storage device 1710 either before or after execution by processor 1.704.

Computer system 1700 also includes a communication interface 1718 coupled to bus 1702. Communication interface 1718 provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link 1720 that is connected to a local network 1722. For example, communication interface 1718 may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface 1718 may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 1718 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information.

Network link 1720 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link 1720 may provide a connection through local network 1722 to a host computer 1724 or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 1726. ISP 1726 in turn provides data communication services through the world wide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the “Internet” 1728. Local network 1722 and Internet 1728 both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 1720 and through communication interface 1718, which carry the digital data to and from computer system 1700, are example forms of transmission media.

Computer system 1700 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 1720 and communication interface 1718. In the Internet example, a server 1730 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 1728, ISP 1726, local network 1722 and communication interface 1718.

The received code may be executed by processor 1704 as it is received, and/or stored in storage device 1710, or other non-volatile storage for later execution.

4.0. Extensions and Alternatives

In the foregoing specification, embodiments have been described with reference to numerous specific details that may vary from implementation to implementation. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The sole and exclusive indicator of the scope of the embodiments, and what is intended by the applicants to be the scope of the embodiments, is the literal and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue from this application, in the specific form in which such claims issue, including any subsequent correction.

In drawings, various system components are depicted as being communicatively coupled to various other components by arrows. These arrows illustrate only certain examples of information flows between the components of the depicted systems. Neither the direction of the arrows nor the lack of arrow lines between certain components should be interpreted as indicating the absence of communication between the certain components. Indeed, each component of the depicted systems may feature an open port, API, or other suitable communication interface by which the component may become communicatively coupled to other components of the depicted systems as needed to accomplish any of the functions of the systems described herein.

From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth together with other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the structure.

It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.

Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: obtaining one or more events; causing display of a graphical user interface that displays an input element for designating a field delimiter character, wherein the field delimiter character, when present within an event, indicates a boundary within the event of a field for which to identify a field value; in response to input, to the input element, designating the field delimiter character, parsing at least one of the one or more events to identify one or more field values using the designated field delimiter character preceding or subsequent to the one or more field values thereby indicating boundaries of fields for which to identify the one or more field values; and causing display of the one or more field values identified in the at least one of the one or more events as the parsing using the designated field delimiter character occurs.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more events are obtained as a stream of network data.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the graphical user interface displays a set of field delimiter character options that may be designated as the field delimiter character.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more events are obtained from a data source, and wherein the input associates the field delimiter character with data obtained from the data source such that additional events from the data source are parsed using the designated field delimiter character.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein causing display of the one or more field values identified in the at least one of the one or more events comprises displaying the one or more field values and corresponding field names for each of the one or more field values.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising receiving input of a field name corresponding to the one or more field values.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events based on configuration data indicating event boundaries for data obtained from the data source.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events based on detection of an event boundary delimiter within the raw machine data.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events based on detection of an event boundary within the raw machine data that satisfies an expression-based rule for event boundaries.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events; adding to the one or more events metadata describing the one or more events.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events; adding to the one or more events metadata describing the one or more events, wherein the metadata includes an identifier of the data source.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events; adding to the one or more events metadata describing the one or more events, wherein the metadata includes time at which the one or more events were obtained.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining one or more events comprises: obtaining raw machine data from a data source; and organizing the raw machine data into the one or more events; adding to the one or more events metadata describing the one or more events, wherein the metadata includes timestamp extracted from the one or more events.
 15. A system comprising: a data store storing computer-executable instructions; and a processor configured to execute the computer-executable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the system to: obtain one or more events; cause display of a graphical user interface that displays an input element for designating a field delimiter character, wherein the field delimiter character, when present within an event, indicates a boundary within the event of a field for which to identify a field value; in response to input, to the input element, designating the field delimiter character, parse at least one of the one or more events to identify one or more field values using the designated field delimiter character preceding or subsequent to the one or more field values thereby indicating boundaries of fields for which to identify the one or more field values; and cause display of the one or more field values identified in the at least one of the one or more events as the parsing using the designated field delimiter character occurs.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the field delimiter character is one of a single character or a pattern of characters.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more events are obtained from a data source, and wherein execution of the computer-executable instructions further causes the system to create an association of the field delimiter character with data obtained from the data source.
 18. The system of claim 15, wherein causing display of the one or more field values identified in the at least one of the one or more events comprises displaying the one or more field values and corresponding field names for each of the one or more field values.
 19. The system of claim 15, wherein to obtain the one or more events, execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the system to: obtain raw machine data from a data source; and organize the raw machine data into the one or more events based on configuration data indicating event boundaries for data obtained from the data source.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein to obtain the one or more events, execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the system to: obtain raw machine data from a data source; and organize the raw machine data into the one or more events based on detection of an event boundary within the raw machine data that satisfies an expression-based rule for event boundaries.
 21. The system of claim 15, wherein to obtain the one or more events, execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the system to: obtain raw machine data from a data source; and organize the raw machine data into the one or more events; add to the one or more events metadata describing the one or more events.
 22. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a computing system, causes the computing system to: obtain one or more events; cause display of a graphical user interface that displays an input element for designating a field delimiter character, wherein the field delimiter character, when present within an event, indicates a boundary within the event of a field for which to identify a field value; in response to input, to the input element, designating the field delimiter character, parse at least one of the one or more events to identify one or more field values using the designated field delimiter character preceding or subsequent to the one or more field values thereby indicating boundaries of fields for which to identify the one or more field values; and cause display of the one or more field values identified in the at least one of the one or more events as the parsing using the designated field delimiter character occurs.
 23. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 22, wherein the one or more events are obtained from a data source, and wherein execution of the computer-executable instructions further causes the computing system to create an association of the field delimiter character with data obtained from the data source.
 24. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 22, wherein causing display of the one or more field values identified in the at least one of the one or more events comprises displaying the one or more field values and corresponding field names for each of the one or more field values.
 25. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 22, wherein to obtain the one or more events, execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the computing system to: obtain raw machine data from a data source; and organize the raw machine data into the one or more events based on configuration data indicating event boundaries for data obtained from the data source.
 26. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 22, wherein to obtain the one or more events, execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the computing system to: obtain raw machine data from a data source; and organize the raw machine data into the one or more events based on detection of an event boundary within the raw machine data that satisfies an expression-based rule for event boundaries.
 27. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 22, wherein to obtain the one or more events, execution of the computer-executable instructions causes the computing system to: obtain raw machine data from a data source; and organize the raw machine data into the one or more events; add to the one or more events metadata describing the one or more events. 